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The Reading section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English.

Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question for each passage is worth more than1 point. The directions for the last question indicate how many points you may receive.

You will now begin the Reading section. There are three passages in the section. You should allow 18 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You should allow 54 minutes to complete the entire section.

If you hear an auditory warning when the time remaining in the Reading section is about to expire or has expired, you may disregard it and continue working. In the actual test, time restrictions will be enforced.

For all multiple-choice questions, you should indicate your answer by selecting the appropriate choice or choices.

Click Next to go on.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 1.

Which of the following is NOT a potential problem with digital preservation identified in the passage?

 

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 2.

The word “umbrella” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 3.

What can be inferred about the progression of technology based on the information in paragraph 8?

 

Paragraph 8 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 4.

According to paragraph 3, how does Google Books promote preservation?

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 5.

In paragraph 5, the author states that “to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established” to emphasize:

 

Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 6.

Which of the following were NOT identified as a positive outcome of digital preservation? To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

 

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 7.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information highlighted in paragraph 7?

 

Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 8.

What is the primary purpose of paragraph 2?

Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 9.

  1. In paragraph 6 of the passage, there is a missing sentence. The paragraph is repeated below and shows four letters (A, B, C, and D) that indicate where the following sentence could be added.

Institutions should prioritize preservation and make this urgency understood to all staff members.

Where would the sentence best fit?

 

(A)But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. (B)The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts.(C) It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. (D)Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [] to add the sentence to the passage.

To select a different location,click on a different square.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.

Question 10.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

 

Digitization is a preservation technique used to digitally preserve valuable historical materials.

Archival or library preservation is a set of activities aimed at prolonging the life of both natural and manufactured objects. Preservation may include cataloging items, maintaining climatic homeostasis in storage areas or display cases, digitizing items, writing metadata terms, and increasing availability and accessibility.

Preservation is not synonymous with conservation, which refers explicitly to repairing items to slow decay or restore them to a state where they can be used. Conservation is more accurately just one of many activities falling under the umbrella of preservation.

A relatively new concept, digitization, is an increasingly common tool for preservationists. Digitizing is the process of converting analog materials into digital form or otherwise creating a digital record or copy. For example, the Google Book Search program works with more than forty libraries around the world to digitize books. Their goal is to make it easier for people to access books, particularly rare or out-of-print books. Another name for digitization is digital preservation. The ultimate aim of digital preservation is to guarantee that people can access these preserved materials long into the future.

Although digitization is a promising tool for preservation, it is not without problems. The main issues are that digital storage and space are expensive, certain forms of media and types of files can become obsolete, and backward compatibility is not guaranteed. In addition, higher-quality images take longer to scan, and fragile items are often more difficult or more expensive to preserve. This creates a dilemma for preservationists, who must decide if it is worth potentially damaging the original item in the digitization process. Other potential issues include inadequate scan quality and infringement of copyright protections. However, many educational programs have been adapted or created to meet specific preservation needs and address these problems.

In any case, it is clear that to prolong the life of a collection, a systematic preservation plan must be established . The first step is to assess the institution or client’s current preservation needs. Considerations include current condition, rarity, and overall value, be it cultural, historical, or monetary. The equipment required to access the information will also be a factor, especially in the case of artifacts such as filmstrips.

But proper conservation requires more than the mechanical aspects of preservation. The institution’s commitment to preservation should be communicated to stakeholders so that funds can be adequately allocated towards preservation efforts. It is vital for any undertaking of this nature to have both institutional and budgetary support. Otherwise, the integrity of the preservation could easily be compromised.

How these materials are preserved is determined by the current conditions and potential survival of materials. Once something has been chosen for preservation, the assessor must choose a treatment that will best ensure the survival or complete preservation of the item or collection. This treatment must also be within the power of the institution to carry out. If the information the object contains or expresses is the most important factor, reformatting or creating a copy or surrogate is recommended. If the artifact itself is of value, it should receive conservation treatment, ideally with a reversible process.

As older media deteriorates and new media becomes available, research in conservation and preservation must close these gaps. The two most crucial problems that most institutions typically face are water damage from external sources, such as burst pipes or severe weather events, and the harmful breakdown of acidic papers. Therefore, these areas of preservation currently receive the most attention from preservationists. However, as newer forms of media become increasingly available and make older forms exponentially more obsolete over time, new and innovative techniques must be developed to keep pace with the advent of technology.